Microbiological analysis of bacterial sealing of internal conical implants with different taper angles

Abstract The present study evaluated the effect of the taper angle of different internal conical connection implants and cyclic loading on the implant-abutment bacterial seal. A total of 96 implant-abutment sets were divided into eight groups. Four groups of different taper degrees with cyclic mechanical loading of 500,000 cycles per sample, with a 120-N load at 2 Hz before analysis [16DC (16-degree, cycled), 11.5DC (11.5-degree, cycled), 3DC (3- degree, cycled) and 4DC (4- degree, cycled)] were compared to four control groups without cyclic loading [16D (16-degree), 11.5D (11.5-degree), 3D (3-degree), and 4D (4-degree)]. Microbiological analysis was performed by immersing all samples in a suspension containing Escherichia coli and incubating them at 37°C. After 14 days, the presence of bacterial seals was evaluated. Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact tests and binomial tests were performed (5% significance level). The groups showed significant differences in bacterial seal, and mechanical load cycling improved the bacterial seal in the 3DC group. In all other groups, no significant differences in bacterial seal were found between cycled and uncycled samples. To conclude, the internal conical connection with a 3-degree taper angle showed better results than the other connection with different angles when subjected to load cycling. However, none of the angles tested were fully effective in sealing the implant-abutment interface.

Conteo de bacterias y levaduras en imágenes digitales

RESUMEN Fundamento: en los laboratorios de microbiología, la identificación y conteo de microorganismos es un procedimiento habitual. Aunque existen en el mercado equipos que posibilitan su realización de manera automática o semiautomática, son muy costosos, por lo cual esta tarea, difícil e irritante para los ojos, la siguen realizando los expertos de manera tradicional mediante la observación de las muestras en los microscopios, con la consiguiente variabilidad entre ellos. Objetivo: proponer un nuevo método para el conteo de bacterias y levaduras en imágenes digitales, bajo diferentes magnificaciones, tomadas a bioproductos de origen microbiano obtenidos por fermentación. Métodos: el sensor empleado para la toma de imágenes de las muestras fue una cámara digital modelo HDCE-X, con un sensor CMOS de ½", con una resolución de 2592 píxeles por 1944 píxeles (5 Mp). Se emplearon dos tipos de magnificaciones: magnificación 40x (PL40, 0.65 apertura numérica and 0.17 de distancia de trabajo) y magnificación 100x (HI plan 100/1.25 con inmersión de aceite). El método propuesto se basa en técnicas de procesamiento digital de imágenes, utilizando herramientas como la detección de contornos, operaciones morfológicas y análisis estadístico, y fue desarrollado en lenguaje Python con empleo de la biblioteca OpenCV. Resultados: la detección y conteo de bacterias se logró con una exactitud y precisión aceptable, en ambos casos por encima de 0,95; no en el caso de las levaduras cuya exactitud y precisión fueron menores, alrededor de 0,78 y 0,86 respectivamente. Se proponen flujos de trabajo basados en técnicas de procesamiento digital de imágenes, fundamentalmente en detección de contornos, operaciones morfológicas y análisis estadístico. Conclusiones: el método posee una efectividad aceptable para el contexto y depende de las características que presenten las imágenes.

ABSTRACT Background: In microbiology laboratories, the identification and counting of microorganisms is a common procedure; and although there is a variety of equipment on the market that possibility to carry out these processes automatically or semi-automatically, it is usually expensive to many laboratories. These are some of the reasons why this arduous and difficult task is still performed in many laboratories by experts in the traditional way, through the observation of samples in microscope, consuming a great time and having variations in the results between experts. Objective: The present work aims to propose a new method for counting bacteria and yeasts in digital images, taken under different magnifications, of microbial bioproducts obtained by fermentation. Methods: The sensor used to take images of the samples was a digital camera model HDCE-X, with a ½" CMOS sensor, with a resolution of 2592 pixels by 1944 pixels (5 Mp). Two types of magnifications were used: 40x magnification (PL40, 0.65 numerical aperture and 0.17 working distance) and 100x magnification (HI plan 100/1.25 with oil immersion). The proposed method is based on digital image processing technics, using tools as contour detection, morphological operations and statistical analysis, and was developed in Python language using the OpenCV library. The work also presents a comparison with the results obtained using ImageJ software for the same purpose. Results: the detection and count of bacteria was achieved with an acceptable accuracy and precision, in both cases above 0.95; not in the case of yeasts whose accuracy and precision was lower, around 0.78 for accuracy and 0.86 for precision. Workflows based on digital image processing techniques are proposed, using tools as contour detection, morphological operations and statistical analysis. Conclusions: the method has an acceptable effectiveness for the context and depends on the characteristics presented by the images.

Qualidade microbiológica do leite humano pasteurizado de um Banco de Leite Paulista / Calidad microbiológica de la leche humana pasteurizada de un banco de leche paulista / Microbiological quality of pasteurized human milk from a Milk Bank of São Paulo

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a qualidade microbiológica do leite humano pasteurizado proveniente de um Banco de Leite Humano do Estado de São Paulo. Métodos Estudo descritivo conduzido com 29 amostras de leite humano ordenhado pasteurizado (LHOP) obtidas entre julho de 2015 a março de 2016 por meio da avaliação dos registros da acidez titulável bem como da quantificação da microbiota heterotrófica (mesófilos, psicrófilos, termófilos), coliformes totais e termotolerantes, fungos filamentosos e leveduriformes e Staphylococcus spp. Realizou-se a avaliação dos parâmetros físico-químicos por meio do potencial hidrogeniônico-pH, teor energético-K e acidez Dornic-ºD. Análises estatísticas descritivas e bivariadas foram conduzidas. Resultados Evidenciou-se nas amostras a presença de psicrófilos (17,24%), termófilos (27,59%), mesófilos (55,17%), fungos filamentosos e leveduriformes (41,38%) e ausência de Staphylococcus spp. Detectou-se a presença de 82,76% de coliformes no teste presuntivo. Já no teste confirmativo VB constatou-se a presença de 54,16% de coliformes totais e no teste EC 33,33% de coliformes termotolerantes. Os valores de pH e de K não apresentaram oscilações, enquanto que, na expressão da acidez entre 3º a 15°D detectou-se crescimento microbiano. O microrganismo mesófilo, apresentou correlação positiva com variável da acidez Dornic (r=0.44;p=0.01). Conclusão A partir da avaliação da qualidade microbiológica das amostras de LHOP descartado e consideradas impróprias para consumo no referido BLH, especificamente com relação aos indicadores microbiológicos das condições de higiene, sugere que a inviabilidade das amostras possam estar associadas às boas práticas de manipulação do alimento.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la calidad microbiológica de la leche humana pasteurizada proveniente de un banco de leche humana del estado de São Paulo. Métodos Estudio descriptivo realizado con 29 muestras de leche humana ordeñada pasteurizada (LHOP) obtenidas entre julio de 2015 y marzo de 2016 por medio de la evaluación de los registros de acidez titulable, así como de la cuantificación de la microbiota heterótrofa (mesófilos, psicrófilos, termófilos), coliformes totales y termotolerantes, hongos filamentosos y levaduriformes y Staphylococcus spp. Se realizó la evaluación de los parámetros físico-químicos mediante el potencial de hidrógeno (pH), valor energético (K) y acidez Dornic-ºD. Se llevaron a cabo análisis descriptivos y bivariados. Resultados Se observó en las muestras la presencia de psicrófilos (17,24 %), termófilos (27,59 %), mesófilos (55,17 %), hongos filamentosos y levaduriformes (41,38 %) y ausencia de Staphylococcus spp. Se detectó la presencia del 82,76 % de coliformes en la prueba presuntiva. Por otro lado, en la prueba confirmativa VB se confirmó la presencia del 54,16 % de coliformes totales, y en la prueba EC se verificó el 33,33 % de coliformes termotolerantes. Los valores de pH y de K no presentaron oscilaciones, mientras que se detectó crecimiento microbiano en la expresión de la acidez entre 3 y 15°D. El microrganismo mesófilo presentó correlación positiva con variable de la acidez Dornic (r=0.44; p=0.01). Conclusión A partir de la evaluación de calidad microbiológica de las muestras de LHOP descartadas y consideradas inapropiadas para consumo en el BLH mencionado, especialmente respecto a los indicadores microbiológicos de las condiciones de higiene, se sugiere que la inviabilidad de las muestras pueda estar asociada con las buenas prácticas de manipulación del alimento.

Abstract Objective To assess the microbiological quality of pasteurized human milk from a Human Milk Bank in the State of São Paulo. Methods This is a descriptive study conducted with 29 pasteurized expressed human milk (PEHM) samples obtained between July 2015 and March 2016 by assessing titratable acidity records as well as quantifying heterotrophic microbiota (mesophiles, psychrophiles, thermophiles), total and thermotolerant coliforms, filamentous and yeast-like fungi and Staphylococcus spp. The physical-chemical parameters were assessed via hydrogen-pH potential, K-energy content and Dornic-ºD acidity. Descriptive and bivariate statistical analyzes were conducted. Results The presence of psychrophiles (17.24%), thermophiles (27.59%), mesophiles (55.17%), filamentous and yeast-like fungi (41.38%) and absence of Staphylococcus spp were evidenced in the sample. The presence of 82.76% of coliforms was detected in the presumptive test. In the confirmatory VB test, the presence of 54.16% of total coliforms was found and, in the EC test, we verified 33.33% of thermotolerant coliforms. The pH and K values did not show oscillations, whereas, in the expression of acidity between 3º and 15°D, microbial growth was detected. The mesophilic microorganism showed a positive correlation with the Dornic acidity variable (r=0.44; p=0.01). Conclusion Based on the microbiological quality assessment of the HMB samples discarded and considered unfit for consumption in the HMB, specifically regarding the microbiological indicators of hygiene conditions, it suggests that the infeasibility of the samples may be associated with good food handling practices.

Establishing the diagnostic stewardship for infectious diseases with multidisciplinary cooperation / 中华检验医学杂志

Many new rapid microbiological diagnostic technologies have been used in clinical setting at present. It is necessary to follow the 5R principles (right patient, right time, right test, right reporting and right interpretation) to establish the diagnostic stewardship system with multidisciplinary cooperation. Diagnostic stewardship will give full play to the advantages of conventional and new technologies, improve clinical practice, save medical cost and curb the development of antimicrobial resistance.

Effect of Listerine Mouthwash with Green Tea on the Inhibition of Streptococcus Mutans: A Microbiologic Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial effect of Listerine-green tea mouthwash on Streptococcus mutans (SM) in comparison with 0.12% Chlorhexidine (CHX) and Listerine-Zero. Material and Methods: The sensitivity and growth inhibition of SM bacterial species were evaluated and compared between Listerine-green tea, 0.12% CHX and Listerine-Zero mouthwashes. Sixty plates containing SM colonies were prepared in three groups (n=20), and growth inhibition zones were measured using the disk diffusion agar test in mm. Data were analyzed with SPSS 21. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the efficacy of the three mouthwashes tested. Post hoc Tukey tests were used for two-by-two comparisons. Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05. Results: Analysis of data showed significant differences between the three groups (p<0.001); 0.12% CHX was the most effective mouthwash, and Listerine-Zero exhibited the least effect on the growth inhibition of SM (p<0.004). Conclusion: All three mouthwashes were significantly effective in inhibiting the growth of SM. The effect of Listerine-green tea mouthwash was higher than that of Listerine-Zero and less than that of 0.12% CHX.

Research advances in fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B / 临床肝胆病杂志

HBeAg seroconversion is an important process during antiviral therapy for patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB), while the first-line antiviral drugs, such as entecavir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tend to have low HBeAg clearance rate and/or seroconversion rate, and at present, there is still a lack of effective radical treatment regimens. Latest studies have shown that fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) can induce HBeAg clearance in HBeAg-positive CHB patients receiving long-term antiviral therapy. This article reviews the research advances in the role of FMT in inducing HBeAg clearance in HBeAg-positive CHB patients and points out that FMT may become a new treatment regimen for HBeAg-positive CHB patients.

Análise microbiológica de escovas de dente usadas por adultos do município de Sumaré-SP / Muicrobiological analysis of toothbrushes used by adults of Sumaré-SP

Objetivo ­ Realizar análise microbiológica de escovas dentais utilizadas por moradores da cidade de Sumaré e ainda analisar seus hábitos de higiene e cuidados com a escova de dente. Métodos ­ Foram selecionados 100 voluntários aleatoriamente, com idade a partir de 18 anos para responder um questionário sobre hábitos de higiene e cuidados com as suas escovas dentais e desses voluntários 20 escovas foram coletadas de forma aleatória para análise microbiológica e de desgaste das cerdas, no laboratório de análises clínicas da Universidade Paulista. Resultados ­ Verificou-se que a maioria (56%) escovam os dentes duas vezes ao dia, que 44% (44/100) trocam as escovas no período de 2 a 3 meses, porém a maior parte não apresentava conhecimento em relação aos métodos de desinfecção para escova de dentes. Com relação a análise de desgastes das cerdas, 50% apresentavam a maioria dos tufos das cerdas divergentes, com tufos cobrindo outros tufos. Quanto a análise microbiológica 85% (17/20) das escovas de dentes apresentou crescimento microbiano, no qual a maior parte (75%) compreendia em Staphylococcus spp., seguido por 30% de enterobactérias, 5% de bacilo gram-positivo,15% Streptococcus spp. e 10% diplococos gram-negativo. Conclusão ­ Nesta perspectiva percebe-se que existe uma necessidade de conscientizar a população em relação à manutenção adequada das escovas de dentes. Quanto a contaminação nas escovas, observamos que não está necessariamente relacionada ao tempo de uso e desgaste das cerdas da escova dental.

Objective ­ The objective of this study is to verify the presence of bacteria in the toothbrush and to evaluate the knowledge of the residents of the Sumaré city about toothbrush care. Methods ­ Were selected 100 volunteers randomly, aged 18 years and older to answer a questionnaire, and of theses 20 brushes were randomly collected for microbiological and bristle wear analyzes in the toothbrush at the clinical analyzes laboratory of Universidade Paulista. Results ­ Most (56%) brush their teeth twice a day, 44% (44/100) changes their brushes within 2 to 3 months, but most respondents do not know disinfection methods for toothbrush. In relation the toothbrush bristle wear analysis, 50% presented the majority of divergent bristle, with tufts, covering other tufts. Regarding the microbiological analysis, 85% (17/20) of the toothbrushes showed a microbial growth, where the most (75%) comprised of Staphylococcus spp., followed by 30% enterobacteria, 5% bacilli gram positive, 15% Streptococcus spp. and 10% diplococci gram negative. Conclusion ­ In this perspective, it is observed that there is a need to make the population aware of the maintenance of toothbrushes. About contamination in the brushes, we observed that not necessarily it is associate to time of use and wear of toothbrush bristles.

Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver, Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans

Objective: To determine the antimicrobial efficacy of silver, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans. Material and Methods: Serial dilution method was employed for preparing 1%, 0.5%, 0.25% concentrations of the three test compounds. ATCC 25175 strain of streptococcus mutans was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of test compounds. Equal quantity of BHI broth was dispensed in test tubes containing sectioned tooth and to this the prepared bacterial inoculum was added. Prepared concentrations of test compounds were added accordingly and incubated for 24hrs at 370C. Then, the sectioned tooth was removed and the adherent bacteria were transferred into saline solution by vortexing. These suspensions were transferred onto sterile blood agar plate to make lawn culture and were further incubated at 370C for 24hrs to determine viable bacterial count. The number of colonies were counted manually from each plate and recorded for further analysis. Decrease in number of colonies represents the effective concentration of the test compound against the inhibition of biofilm formation. Results: A significant difference in the colony forming units among all three concentrations of silver (Ag), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc (ZnO) nanoparticles was noted and the antimicrobial effect of nanoparticles was concentration dependent. Inter group comparison of colony forming units with 1%, 0.5% and 0.25% of the test compound revealed that the colony forming units on the ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated highest value followed by TiO2 and the least were with that of the Ag nano particles. Conclusion: Silver, Zinc oxide and Titanium dioxide showed significant antimicrobial effects and the antimicrobial effect of nanoparticles was concentration dependent.

Method selection for pretreatment in direct identification of pathogen in positive blood culture by MALDI-TOF MS / 中华检验医学杂志

Bloodstream infection is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Rapid determination of the primary pathogen is crucial for diagnosis and antibiotic therapy of bacteremia. The application of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was a major breakthrough in microbiology. This technology is simple, rapid, economical and accurate, which has been introduced into the microbiology laboratory formicroorganism identificationwidely. Recently, MALDI-TOF MS was combined with extraction methods for direct pathogens identificationfrom positive blood cultures. The methods of pathogensextraction from positive blood cultures are crucial for the accuracy of identification. And developing a standard extraction protocolhas become a hot spot of research in recent years. (Chin J Lab Med, 2018, 41: 563-566)

The challenge of MALDI-TOF MS technique in clinical microbiological diagnosis and application / 中华检验医学杂志

MALDI-TOF MS is a revolutionary and innovative technologyin clinical microbiological diagnosis. Due to its advantages of speed, specificity and ease of operation, MALDI-TOF MS has been rapidly accepted and approved by clinical laboratory. However, many challenges appeared when applied in clinical application. For example, sample preparation needs to be further optimized. Identification techniques have limitations. The quality improvement of database and the diversity of microbial species are still under discussion.The application of antimicrobial susceptibility testing is still controversial.The way ofrare identification resultstransmitting into clinical treatment is still being explored. But the application of MALDI-TOF MS in clinical microbiological diagnosis still needs to be improved.(Chin J Lab Med, 2018, 41: 559-562)

Effect of oral probiotics in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the clinical value of probiotics in the treatment of patients with nonal -coholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD) .Methods The clinical data of 100 patients with NAFLD were retrospectively analyzed.According to different treatment methods ,the patients were divided into two groups ,with 50 cases in each group.The control group received basic treatment ,the observation group received probiotics treatment on the basis of the control group .The treatment effects of the two groups were analyzed .Results The total effective rate in the obser-vation group (54.00%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (30.00%)(χ2 =5.911,P=0.015) .After treatment,the ALT,TG,HOMA-R,TNF-α,D-lactic acid,endotoxin levels in the observation group were significantly better than those in the control group (all P<0.05).The incidence rate of adverse reactions between the two groups had no statistically significant difference (4.00% vs.2.00%,χ2 =0.343,P =0.558).Conclusion Probiotics in the treatment of NAFLD can reduce the intestinal permeability ,improve the intestinal endotoxemia and the prognosis of the patients .

Progress in the rapid identification techniques for pathogenic microorganisms from blood culture positive specimens / 中华检验医学杂志

It takes at least 48 hours for traditional identification of pathogens from blood stream infection.Therefore, a rapid identification is vital for optimizing antimicrobial therapy and improving the prognosis of patients.In recent years, the intelligentialized Gram staining based on convolutional neural network has been applied to automatically interpret the species of pathogens in positive smear and the matrix -assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry ( MALDI TOF-MS) can quickly identify pathogens.Furthermore, Peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA FISH)is applicable to the rapid identification of pathogens from positive bacteria liquid .Powered by morphokinetic cellular analysis (MCA) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the Accelerate Pheno system can directly identify pathogens from positive blood cultures and determine MIC of pathogens to antibiotics .The above-mentioned methods can provide a direct , rapid and accurate identification of pathogens from positive blood culture bottles without subculture .

The application of vaginal microecology diagnosis and treatment in female vaginitis / 中华检验医学杂志

The evaluation of vaginal microecology has certain advantages in the accurate and rapid diagnosis of single vaginitis and mixed vaginal infections,which can reduce the rates of missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis.Moreover, this evaluation can guide the application of vaginalmicroeclogial modulators after treatment for vaginitis.At present, the currentevaluation of vaginal microecology is mainly based on morphology mainly, and supplemented by functional testing.However, functional testing needs regulation and quality control,and further clinical research is needed for the diagnosis of vaginal infections based on microbial metabolites alone.(Chin J Lab Med,2018,41:256-258)

Colonic Transit Time Is a Driven Force of the Gut Microbiota Composition and Metabolism: In Vitro Evidence

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Human gut microbiota harbors numerous metabolic properties essential for the host's health. Increased intestinal transit time affects a part of the population and is notably observed with human aging, which also corresponds to modifications of the gut microbiota. Thus we tested the metabolic and compositional changes of a human gut microbiota induced by an increased transit time simulated in vitro. METHODS: The in vitro system, Environmental Control System for Intestinal Microbiota, was used to simulate the environmental conditions of 3 different anatomical parts of the human colon in a continuous process. The retention times of the chemostat conditions were established to correspond to a typical transit time of 48 hours next increased to 96 hours. The bacterial communities, short chain fatty acids and metabolite fingerprints were determined. RESULTS: Increase of transit time resulted in a decrease of biomass and of diversity in the more distal compartments. Short chain fatty acid analyses and metabolite fingerprinting revealed increased activity corresponding to carbohydrate fermentation in the proximal compartments while protein fermentations were increased in the lower parts. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the evidence that the increase of transit time, independently of other factors, affects the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota. The transit time is one of the factors that explain some of the modifications seen in the gut microbiota of the elderly, as well as patients with slow transit time.

Gram y ureasa para el diagnóstico de helicobacter pylori en muestras gastroduodenales / Gram and urease for the diagnosis of helicobacter pylori in gastroduodenal samples

Fundamento: la afección gastroduodenal y el cáncer gástrico, son enfermedades cada día más frecuentes, donde el helicobacter pylori es el microorganismo responsable del número mayor de casos. Objetivo: determinar la presencia del helicobacter pylori en muestras de biopsias gastroduodenales a partir de la aplicación de las técnicas microbiológicas, prueba de ureasa y coloración de Gram. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal para determinar la presencia del helicobacter pylori en muestras de biopsias gastroduodenales, mediante técnicas microbiológicas en el Laboratorio de Microbiología del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Saturnino Lora en la Provincia de Santiago de Cuba, en el año 2012. Resultados: del total de pacientes estudiados se encontró un predominio de 98 mujeres para un 66,6 %, dentro de los hábitos tóxicos evaluados el de mayor porcentaje fue el consumo de café 132 casos, 89,8 %, el síntoma más relevante encontrado fue la epigastralgia. Al aplicar las pruebas referidas en el estudio (prueba de ureasa y técnica coloración de Gram), se obtuvo un 66,7 % de muestras positivas con la prueba de ureasa y un 79,6 % por la coloración de Gram. Conclusiones: la morbilidad predominó en el sexo femenino en las edades comprendidas de 31 a 45 años, la coloración de Gram es más sensible que la prueba de ureasa, los pacientes con gastritis crónicas mostraron mayor positividad a helicobacter pylori.

Background: gastroduodenal affection and gastric cancer are diseases which are more frequent every day. Helicobacter pylori is the responsible microorganism for the largest number of cases. Objective: to determine the presence of helicobacter pylori in grastroduodenal biopsy samples from the application of microbiological techniques: urease test and Gram staining. Methods: in 2012 a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to determine the presence of helicobacter pylori in gastroduodenal biopsy samples through microbiological techniques in the microbiology laboratory of Saturnino Lora hospital in Santiago de Cuba. Results: from the whole group of patients studied a predominance of 98 women that account for 66,6 % was found. From the bad habits assessed the one with the highest percentage was coffee consumption, with 132 cases which represent 89.8 %. The most notable symptom found was epigastralgia. After undergoing the referred tests of the study (urease test and Gram staining), 66,7 % of positive samples with urease test and 79,6 % with Gram staining were obtained. Conclusions: morbidity prevailed in female sex in the 31 to 45 age group. Gram staining is more sensitive than urease test. Patients with chronic gastritis showed gram-positive results to helicobacter pylori.

Importance of clinical microbiology laboratory in diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases / 中华临床感染病杂志

Clinical microbiology tests play an important role in the etiological diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, monitoring and alerting of nosocomial infection, rational use of drugs and drug sensitivity monitoring.Microbiology laboratory should strengthen the application and popularization of techniques for rapid diagnosis and point-of-care diagnosis, and intensify the quality control.With patients-oriented principle, microbiology laboratory should enhance the communications with clinicians to better serve the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

The application and research progress of whole-genome sequencing in clinical microbiology detection / 中华检验医学杂志

Whole-genome sequencing of bacteria has recently emerged as a cost-effective and convenient approach for resolving many microbiological questions.Here, the current status of whole-genome sequencing in clinical microbiology and the main problems that exist were reviewed, focusing on six essential tasks: identifying and culturing the species of an isolate, rapid identification of pathogen properties, monitoring the emergence and spread of an epidemic outbreak, developing vaccine and monitoring its variation,metagenomics and single-cell sequencing.The authors predicted that the application of whole-genome sequencing will soon be sufficiently fast, accurate and cheap to be used in routine etiological detection, even though there is still a long way to go.

Screening group B streptococcus in perinatal infection：detection methods and clinical value / 中华检验医学杂志

Group B Streptococcus ( GBS) is a conditional pathogenic bacteria related to late-term abortion, premature delivery, premature rupture of membranes, perinatal infection, neonatal sepsis and other diseases.Prevention and treatment guidelines by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC) suggest that all the pregnant women at 35-37 gestational weeks should screen for GBS .The detection methods for GBS include microbiology , immunology, molecular biology, etc.The appropriate method should be chosen depending on circumstances .Penicillin is recommended for the preventive treatment of GBS , and the treatment for the insensitive should base on the antibiotic susceptibility results .No vaccine against GBS is currently available for clinical use .

Aspectos microbiológicos en el diagnóstico de infecciones del tracto urinario / Microbiological aspects in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections

Introducción: Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) se encuentran entre las causas de consulta ambulatoria y de urgencias más frecuentes. La ausencia de pautas y consenso para el diagnóstico dadas por el laboratorio de microbiología puede dificultar la obtención de datos relevantes y confiables sobre los hallazgos microbiológicos y retrasar la toma de conductas clínicas apropiadas. Objetivo: Elaborar un algoritmo de decisión en ITU basado en la evidencia actual para el procesamiento de la muestra de orina, que incluye desde la recolección, el transporte y almacenamiento hasta su cultivo, con el fin de generar una directriz desde el laboratorio para la correcta toma de decisiones del médico. Metodología: Se lleva a cabo una búsqueda en la literatura y el concepto de expertos en Microbiología e Infectología basada en la revisión de las referencias bibliográficas disponibles en los términos de búsqueda relacionados, haciendo énfasis en estudios locales. Resultados: Se generaron recomendaciones para el diagnóstico por el laboratorio de las ITU en Colombia, que incluyen recolección, almacenamiento y transporte, siembra y pruebas de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most frequent reasons for consultation in outpatient and emergency settings. The absence of guidelines and consensus from the microbiology laboratory for the diagnosis of UTI may affect the relevance and reliability of the results and delay the physician's treatment determination. Objective: To creat e an algorithm for the laboratory diagnosis of UTI in Colombia based on current evidence, in order to provide recommendations regarding sample collection, storage, transport and processing and to provide guidance for physicians' decision making. Methods: We reviewed the current standards and guidelines for the diagnosis of UTI and considered comments from microbiology and infectious disease experts based on a literature search using relevant search terms and emphasizing local studies. Results: We generated recommendations for collecting samples, storage, transport, culture and susceptibility testing for the reliable diagnosis of UTI in patients in Colombia.

The application of time to positivity in blood culture / 中华检验医学杂志

Time to positivity(TTP) is a new parameter in blood culture field.The article shows us the concepts of TTP,differential time to positivity (DTTP),and introduces their relation with bloodstream infection (BSI),catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI).Besides,it stresses TTP' s clinical application,including determining the severity of disease;identifying the isolates whether pollution or not; identification of isolate strains ; detection of the drug resistance of isolates ; evaluating the effect of antibiotic ; helping to adjust the therapeutic drug; diagnosing or excluding CRBSI by means of DTTP;deciding whether the catheter is the source of infection in patients with candidemia; understanding the epidemiological distribution of strain.At the same time,the article also describes the shortcomings and domestic current status.